Technology and Public Opinion, Political Participation

1.When I read Chapter 8, the Anti-PX Environmental Movement at Xiamen, China appeared in my mind. It may be the largest urban-based demonstrations in China. Residents at Xiamen worried about the toxic PX from a potential chemical plant since 2002 and used mobile phone messages to gather people to protest the chemical plant. The Anti-PX Movement at Xiamen showed that the development of technology did influence the environment of public opinions and political participation in China.

2. Students at Georgetown University analyzed China's missle and nuclear arsenal hiding tunnels through traditionally dependable research resources and online data such as Google Earth and blogs. Though some doubt that online data is not trustful, this research shows that the gigantic information on the Internet has changed the researcing way of security studies.

Civil Rights in the United States

Can a prosecutor appeal an "not guilty" verdict?  NOPE!


Civil War Amendments

Amendment XIII

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Amendment XIV

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state.
Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.
Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.
Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

Amendment XV

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.


Woodrow Wilson's work in a pro-Klan movie:

Major Civil Rights Laws:

The Civil Rights Act (CRA) of 1964 

• Prohibits discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex.
• Prohibits discrimination in federally funded programs or activities on the basis of race, color, or national origin
• Prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin in public accommodations.

Voting Rights Act of 1965 (VRA), enacted shortly after the CRA and which was designed to prevent the disenfranchisement of black voters in the South, prohibits voting practices that discriminate on the basis of race, color, or membership in a language minority group.



The Fair Housing Act (FHA), which was originally enacted in 1968, prohibits discrimination in the sale or rental of housing on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, disability, or familial status.



The Equal Pay Act of 1963 prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex with regard to the compensation paid to men and women for substantially equal work performed in the same establishment




Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Like Title VI of the CRA, Title IX’s prohibition on discrimination is tied to federal funding. Specifically, Title IX prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in federally funded education programs or activities.




The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in federally conducted and federally funded programs or activities, as well as in employment by the federal government and by federal contractors.



The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), which is the most recently enacted piece of major civil rights legislation in the nation, prohibits discrimination based on disability in employment, public services, public accommodations, transportation, and telecommunications.

Civil Liberties

• Why did the original Constitution not contain a bill of rights?  See Federalist #84
• Barron v. Baltimore held that the Bill of Rights did not apply to the states.
• Things changed with "selective incorporation."
• Definition of "strict scrutiny"

The Bill of Rights

Amendment I

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

• The First Amendment as an international outlier.
• The Lemon Test
• "Fighting Words"
• Prior restraint
• The Miller Test

Amendment II

A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.

• DC v. Heller
• McDonald v. Chicago

Amendment III

No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

Amendment IV

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.






Amendment V

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

Amendment VI

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

Amendment VII
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

Amendment VIII

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Amendment IX

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

Amendment X

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

Writing Comments

• Visit The CMC Writing Center
• Introduction of quotations: Quotations should never suddenly appear out of nowhere. Name the author, and where appropriate, give his or her credentials.
• Superscripts and punctuation: Superscript footnote numbers follow punctuation. Use superscript Arabic numerals, not lower-case Romans.  Some idiot at Microsoft made the latter the default option, but it is easy to convert to proper format.
• Single and double quotation marks:  In American English, use single quotation marks (') only to set off quoted material (or a minor title) inside a quotation. "I think she said `I will try,' not `I won't try,'" explained Sandy.
• Author names in footnotes and endnotes:  In Turabian format, the author's first name goes first.
• Tense consistency: In summaries or narration, stick to a single tense unless you intend to indicate a change in time frame.
• Dangling modifiers: A dangling modifier is a word or phrase modifying a word that the sentence does not clearly lay out.

CMC's Admission Policies and the Supreme Court

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/22/us/justices-to-hear-case-on-affirmative-action-in-higher-education.html?scp=1&sq=supreme%20court%20race%20admissions&st=cse


In 2003 the Supreme Court ruled that it was okay for public universities to have race-conscious admission policies. They have just decided to hear another case in which a white student is suing the University of Texas to end this practice. This article explains that by merely agreeing to hear the case, the court signaled that it may be seeking to reverse the decision it made in 2003.

When the SAT scandal occurred there was a lot of discussion about CMC's admission policies. CMC has no explicitly stated goals for the racial demographics of an admitted class, however the admissions office has been trying to increase the population of international students in recent years. I'm not sure this ruling would have any effect on private colleges, but if it did, would it have an impact on CMC's admissions policy? I'm curious whether a policy to promote international diversity could be affected by an affirmative action case like this.

Liberties and Rights

As Chinese Vice President Xi concluded his visit to the U.S., the takeaways of the trip are still being debated. However, on Feb 20^th, the day of his return to China, the Chinese social network underwent shock as some Chinese ‘netizens’ gained access to Google+. Surprisingly, the first thing on their list was to “occupy” U.S. President Barack Obama’s Google+ page. ‘Netizens’ flocked to Obama’s page, posting hundreds of comments underneath each of his campaign updates. Due to the restriction on the number of comments, ‘netizens' even discussed the possibility of occupying Mitt Romney’s page. Although, a few ‘netizens’ have stressed on U.S. intervention of releasing Chinese civil rights activists under house arrest, most left trivial posts as evidence of their new gained privilege. For them, the significance of posting comments surpasses the context of these comments.

Freedom of speech in China is sometimes more of a privilege than a right, or a civil liberty as viewed in the United States. Some people forget they are entitled to speak freely, more importantly, their responsibility in speaking up against the wrongdoings of authorities and corporations. However, the entire population of the United States was not given the same civil liberties and rights since the founding of the country, as demonstrated through the inequalities of African-Americans, women and minorities in chapter seven. For African-Americans, why did Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. trigger civil rights movements a century after the Emancipation Proclamation? If decades of inequality and segregation lay the foundation for these movements, why was the outburst in the 1950s to 1960s? For a society without segregation or obvious inequality, what fosters the sense of civil liberties and rights leading to movements and possibly political change? 

Second Assignment

Below is your second assignment.   Each of you has a different Supreme Court case dealing with citizenship, civil liberties, civil rights, or voting rights.  In your essay, tell why the case was significant.  Specifically, answer these questions:

• What was the issue?
• What was the historical and legal context?
• What was the long-term legal and political impact of the case?

Before writing it, re-read Strunk and White. Also see my writing advice, which in turn contains links to model papers. 

1. Chris Albanese, North Haven Board of Education v. Bell
2. Ratik Asokan, Plyler v. Doe
3. Christian Ayala, Shaw v. Reno
4. Aja Brofferio, O'Connor v. Board of Education
5. Dan Campbell,  Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music
6. Danial Ceasar, Everson v. Board of Education
7. Karen Chen, Ex parte Milligan
8. Elizabeth Eggert, Victor v. Nebraska
9. Jack Flannery, Escobedo v. Illinois
10. Vikrant Jain, US v. Bhagat Singh Thind
11. Julia Keinan, Hirabayashi v. US
12. Jessica Laird, Gratz v. Bollinger
13. Willy Leach, Pierce v. Society of Sisters
14. Blake Li, Graham v. Richardson
15. Linda Lin, US v. Wong Kim Ark
16. Yi Luo, Hendrick Hudson District Board of Education v. Rowley
17. Margot Penn, NCAA v. Smith
18. Felipe Peterson,  Ozawa v. United States
19. Samuel Pitcavage, San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
20. Sridhar Poddar, Afroyim v. Rusk
21. Elena Segarra, Ex parte Merryman
22. Ben Tillotson, Jacobson v. Massachusetts
23. Kyle Weiss, FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life
24. Danmai Xiang, Chae Chan Ping v. US
25. Nikki Yea, Texas v. Johnson

Do research to document your claims. Do not write from the top of your head. Your paper must cite at least three hardcopy or microform books or government publications. In other words, you must go to the library.

Your sources may include specialized references such as The Almanac of American Politics, but do not cite general-purpose encyclopedias such as Encyclopaedia Britannica and Encyclopedia Americana. And especially do not count on Wikipedia, which is sometimes unreliable. (You might be able to get leads from Wikipedia, but then go elsewhere for verification and citable sources.) In your answer, you should not merely identify persons or concepts. You should also explain the subject matter’s political significance.

You may find relevant links here.

• Essays should be typed (12-point), stapled, double-spaced, and no more than four pages long. I will not read past the fourth page.
• Put your name on a cover sheet that is blank on the reverse side. Do not identify yourself on the text pages.
• Cite your sources with endnotes, which should be in a standard style (e.g., Turabian or Chicago Manual of Style). Endnote pages do not count against the page limit.
• Watch your spelling, grammar, diction, and punctuation. Errors will count against you.
• Return essays by the start of class, Wednesday, March 7. Late essays will drop a gradepoint for one day's lateness, a letter grade after that.  I will grant no extensions except for illness or emergency.