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Wednesday, January 29, 2025

Freedom, Equality, and the Declaration

 You and the government: the funding freeze

The lawsuit

And now, the administration just rescinded it.

For Monday, read:

Also read Strunk and White before the next assignment.  

"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal..."


Did Jefferson mean “men” as gender?

He has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating it's most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, captivating and carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur miserable death in their transportation thither. This piratical warfare, the opprobrium of infidels powers, is the warfare of the Christian king of Great Britain. He has prostituted his negative for suppressing every legislative attempt to prohibit or to restrain this execrable commerce determining to keep open a market where MEN should be bought and sold...

Created equal

Lincoln's comments at Galesburg
I believe the entire records of the world, from the date of the Declaration of Independence up to within three years ago, may be searched in vain for one single affirmation, from one single man, that the negro was not included in the Declaration of Independence; I think I may defy Judge Douglas to show that he ever said so, that Washington ever said so, that any President ever said so, that any member of Congress ever said so, or that any living man upon the whole earth ever said so, until the necessities of the present policy of the Democratic party, in regard to slavery, had to invent that affirmation. And I will remind Judge Douglas and this audience that while Mr. Jefferson was the owner of slaves, as undoubtedly he was, in speaking upon this very subject he used the strong language that “he trembled for his country when he remembered that God was just;” and I will offer the highest premium in my power to Judge Douglas if he will show that he, in all his life, ever uttered a sentiment at all akin to that of Jefferson.

Douglass [note spelling] on the Declaration and Constitution. 


That they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ...

What is a right?
  • Natural or human rights
  • Civil rights
  • Political rights

 Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness COMMA!!!
  • Why that order?  (Why the comma?)
  • What is liberty? Tyranny of majority?
  • Why not property?
  • What is happiness?

Since happiness is an activity of soul in accordance with perfect virtue, we must consider the nature of virtue; for perhaps we shall thus see better the nature of happiness. The true student of politics, too, is thought to have studied virtue above all things; for he wishes to make his fellow citizens good and obedient to the laws.

Why not the word democracy?

    Securing rights
    • That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it,
    • But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.
     [NATIONAL TREASURE]
    •  “evinces a design” (196-197) -- a plan-- CONSPIRACY THEORY!
    The list of grievances and the Constitution

    The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let the Facts be submitted to a candid world.

    Article I addresses these concerns:

    He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. Article I

    He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.  

    He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their Public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. [ 

    He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the Legislative Powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. [  1st, 9th, 10th Amendment]

    Article I, 

    He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands. [ 5th Amendment]


     He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. 

    He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.

    For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:  

    For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:  

    Article II

    He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power. 

    Article III:

    He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers.

    He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

    Third Amendment

    For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: [ 3rd Amendment]

     For protecting them, by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: [ 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th Amendment]

    Sixth and Seventh Amendments

    For depriving us in many cases, of the benefit of Trial by Jury: [ 6th Amendment]

    Ugh....

    He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.  

    Monday, January 27, 2025

    Democracy, Equality, and the Study of Politics

    SPOT THE MISTAKE:


    HOW GOVERNMENT AFFECTS YOU: ICE ADMINISTRATIVE WARRANT V. JUDICIAL WARRANT.

    SEE THE FOURTH AMENDMENT.

    For Wednesday:

    TERMS

    DEMOCRACY, REPUBLIC, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

    OLIGARCHY, AUTOCRACY, AUTHORITARIAN TOTALITARIAN

    REPRESENTATION: DESCRIPTIVE V. AGENCY 


    THE DECLARATION

    PURPOSES:
    • GET FOREIGN SUPPORT
    • RALLY DOMESTIC SUPPORT

    "The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America"
    • Why states instead of colonies.
    • Other examples of name changes: countries, historical figures, fictional characters.
     `When in the course of human events " --Latin cursus, meaning "flow" --a tide e-ventus "outcome"it becomes necessary .."
    " for one people to dissolve the political bands, which have connected them with another and to assume, among the powers of the earth the separate and equal station"
    • What is a “nation”? Shared cultural life, having or wanting their own government.
    • What holds us together?
    • What is a “station”? -- Latin for “stand.”

    Compare "separate and equal" with "separate but equal."

    • Keep in mind for our discussion of Lincoln's Second Inaugural:  "And the war came" means something radically different from "But the war came."

    What does it mean to be equal? "But `equal' and `same" are not synonyms" (107).

    "to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them"

    Spinoza -- TJ himself was a Deist. Locke: "The state of Nature has a law of Nature to govern it, which obliges everyone, and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life,health, liberty or possessions."

     a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

    • Address to the whole world (France, in particular)
    • Impel to be pushed




    Wednesday, January 22, 2025

    Gov 20 Begins

    For Monday, read Lowi ch. 1 and the Declaration.

    The speech and its setting serve as an introduction to American politics


    A CMC connection!

    Who was on the program and why?  Songs





    I Have a Dream

    Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation ProclamationThis momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.
    • Why the reference to Lincoln?  Hint  And another hint.
    • An allusion within an allusion: The days of our years are threescore years and ten; and if by reason of strength they be fourscore years, yet is their strength labour and sorrow; for it is soon cut off, and we fly away.(Psalm 90:10)
    In a sense we've come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the "unalienable Rights" of "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.

    • Why the reference to the Declaration?
    • Why the reference to the Constitution?
    But there is something that I must say to my people, who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice: In the process of gaining our rightful place, we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. 
    We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities.
    We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until "justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream."

    • How did Mississippi keep African Americans from voting?
    • What did he mean about New York?

    And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dreamIt is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.
    • What is the American dream?
    I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evidentthat all men are created equal."

    • What is a creed?
    • What is a self-evident truth?
    • What does the Declaration mean?  (We shall return to this question)
    I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of "interposition" and "nullification" -- one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.


    Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of GeorgiaLet freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee.

    • What's on Stone Mountain?

    Getting right with MLK:  

    So what does the Declaration mean?   Consider terms such as “equal,” “self-evident.”  Think about the other readings and ask how they help us understand these terms.


    Saturday, January 18, 2025

    Gov 20 Syllabus Spring 2025

     Introduction to American Politics 

    CMC Government 20 
    Mon, Wed 11-12:15
    Roberts North 15
    ZOOM: https://cmc-its.zoom.us/j/92228697468

    J.J. Pitney
    Office: Kravis 232    
    E-mail:  jpitney@cmc.edu

    Student Hours:
    • Tuesday and Wednesday, 1:30-2:30 PM, and whenever I am in my office and not looking grumpy.
    • If these times are inconvenient, just make an appointment for an in-person or Zoom meeting.
    General

    Daniel Patrick Moynihan observed:  “Some . . .  deny the existence of evil and others the existence of grace.  The art of  politics is to live with the reality of both.”  With this comment in mind, we take a realistic overview of American politics.  This course aims to:
    • Help you understand past and present political events;
    • Show you how the government directly affects you;
    • Lay the groundwork for further study of government;
    • Sharpen your thinking, writing, and speaking.
    Some of the readings are provocative.  Do not assume that your professor agrees with everything in the readings or that you must do so.  Because constructive disagreement sharpens thinking, deepens understanding, and reveals novel insights, I not only encourage it, but I expect it. Feel free to challenge anything you read, but back up what you say. Bring light, not heat.

    Classes

    Classes will include lecture and discussion.  Finish the readings before class because our discussions will involve those readings.  We shall also talk about breaking news, so you must read a good news source such as Axios or Politico 

    Grades

    The following will make up your course grade:
    • Four three-page essays 15% each
    • Final exam    30%
    • Participation 10%
    • The papers will develop your skills in writing, research, and political analysis.  When grading, I take the quality of writing into account, applying the standards of Strunk and White.  If you object to this approach, do not take this course – or anything else I teach.
    • The final examination will test your comprehension of the class sessions and readings.
    • In addition to the required readings (below), I may give you attachments and web links covering current events and basic factual information.  The final will cover this material.
    • Participation includes your activity in class and online.   I will call on students at random, and if you often miss sessions or fail to prepare, your grade will suffer. In addition, you may volunteer comments and questions.  This experience will hone your ability to think on your feet. 

    Blog

    Our class blog is right here at https://cmcgov20.blogspot.com/.  I shall post videos, graphs, news stories, and other material there.  We shall use some of this material in class, and you may review the rest at your convenience.   You will all receive invitations to post to the blog.  (Please let me know if you do not get such an invitation.)  I encourage you to use the blog in these ways:
    • To post questions or comments about the readings before we discuss them in class;
    • To follow up on class discussions with additional comments or questions.
    • To post relevant news items or videos.
    Remember that this blog is on the open Internet. Post nothing that would look bad to a potential employer. 

    Details
    • The papers will develop your research and writing skills. In grading, I will take account of the quality of your writing, applying the principles of Strunk and White’s Elements of Style. If you object, do not take this course or anything else I teach.
    • In addition to the required readings (below), I may give you handouts, emails, and web links covering current events and basic factual information.
    • Check due dates for coursework. Do not plan on extensions.
    • As a courtesy to your fellow students, please arrive on time, and refrain from eating in class.   
    • Except as a documented disability accommodation, please do not use electronic devices (tablets, laptops, smartphones) in class. Take notes the old-fashioned way, by hand, on paper.  Why? Research shows that it works better. 
    • Plagiarism and other forms of academic dishonesty are not victimless offenses, because they hurt fellow students. Please study our Statement of Academic Integrity, which reads in part: "The faculty of Claremont McKenna College is firmly committed to upholding the highest standards of academic integrity. Each faculty member has the responsibility to report cases of academic dishonesty to the Academic Standards Committee."
    • This class welcomes viewpoint diversity. See: https://heterodoxacademy.org/library/advice-on-syllabus-language/
    • Your experience in this class matters to me, and I have a particular interest in disability. If you have set up accommodations with Accessibility Services at CMC, please tell me about your approved accommodations so we can discuss your needs. You can start by forwarding me your accommodation letter. If you have not yet set up accommodations but have a temporary health condition or permanent disability, please get in touch with Ari Martinez, Associate Director of Accessibility Services, at accessibilityservices@cmc.edu to ask questions and start the process. For general information and the Request for Accommodations form, go to the CMC Accessibility Service’s website.

    Required Books
    • Theodore Lowi, et al., American Government: A Brief Introduction, 17th ed. (New York: Norton, 2023).
    • Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (New York: Signet, 2003  [1788]).
    • William Strunk and E. B. White, The Elements of Style, 4th ed.  (New York:  Simon and Schuster, 1999).
    • Alexis deTocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. George Lawrence, ed. J.P. Mayer (New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, [1835/40]).  Please use the Lawrence/Mayer edition, which has gone through several printings. Other translations have different wording, which would cause confusion.

    Schedule (Subject to change, with advance notice).


    Besides the readings below, I may supply you with additional material via the Internet.

    January 22:  Introduction

    "After 50 years at the center of all of this, I know that believing in the idea of America means respecting the institutions that govern a free society: the presidency, the Congress, the courts, a free and independent press. Institutions that ... echo the words of the Declaration of Independence: `We hold these truths to be self-evident.' Rooted in the timeless words of the Constitution, `We the People.'" -- President Biden's farewell address

    January 27, 29:  Democracy, Equality, and the Study of Politics

    "If all men are created equal, that is final. If they are endowed with inalienable rights, that is final. If governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed, that is final. No advance, no progress can be made beyond these propositions." -- Calvin Coolidge  
    Feb 3, 5:  The Constitution

    "[T]o paraphrase what our founders said in the Constitution of the United States: they said the truths that are self-evident, that every man and woman — that men and women were created equal and that we must go forward in recognition of that." -- Nancy Pelosi (spot the mistake!)

    FIRST ESSAY ASSIGNED BY FEBRUARY 3, 
    DUE  BY FEBRUARY 14.

    Feb 10, 12: Double Security -- Federalism and the Separation of Powers

    ["O]f those men who have overturned the liberties of republics, the greatest number have begun their career by paying an obsequious court to the people; commencing demagogues, and ending tyrants." -- Alexander Hamilton

    "So this is how liberty dies... with thunderous applause." -- Padmé Amidala 

    Feb 17, 19: American Political Culture

    “I sought for the greatness and genius of America in her commodious harbors and her ample rivers—and it was not there . . . in her fertile fields and boundless forests and it was not there . . . in her rich mines and her vast world commerce—and it was not there . . . in her democratic Congress and her matchless Constitution—and it was not there. Not until I went into the churches of America and heard her pulpits flame with righteousness did I understand the secret of her genius and power. America is great because she is good, and if America ever ceases to be good, she will cease to be great.” -- Not Alexis deTocqueville

    Feb 24, 26:
      CitizenshipCivil Liberties, Civil Rights 

    "I met my wife in jail after being arrested during a civil rights march." -- Rep. James Clyburn (D-SC)

    March 3, 5: Congress 

    "I was born in Vietnam after the Vietnam War, and my family and I fled a communist government and were rescued by the US Navy, and were given sanctuary in America. My patriotism is rooted in my gratitude for America's grace and generosity. I love this country. On January 6th, four decades after my family fled a place where political power was seized through violence, I was in the United States Capitol fleeing my fellow Americans." --  Former Rep. Stephanie Murphy (D-FL)

    March 10, 12:  Presidency

    "In a president, character is everything. A president doesn't have to be brilliant; Harry Truman wasn't brilliant, and he helped save Western Europe from Stalin. He doesn't have to be clever; you can hire clever. White Houses are always full of quick-witted people with ready advice on how to flip a senator or implement a strategy. You can hire pragmatic, and you can buy and bring in policy wonks. But you can't buy courage and decency, you can't rent a strong moral sense." -- Peggy Noonan

    March 17, 19: Spring Break

    March 24, 26: Bureaucracy   

    "Every restraint and requirement originates in somebody's demand for it." -- Herbert Kaufman  

    • Lowi, ch. 7 
    • Tocqueville, 690-695
    THIRD ESSAY ASSIGNED BY MARCH 24, 
    DUE APRIL 4.

    March 31, April 2: Law and the Courts  

    “What we can decide, we can undecide. But stare decisis teaches that we should exercise that authority sparingly. Cf. S. Lee and S. Ditko, Amazing Fantasy No. 15: ‘Spider-Man,’ p. 13 (1962) (‘[I]n this world, with great power there must also come — great responsibility’)."  -- Justice Elena Kagan

    April 7, 9: Public Opinion and the Media

    “The real opposition is the media. And the way to deal with them is to flood the zone with shit.”  -- Steve Bannon
    April 14, 16: Elections

    "A congressional campaign is a lot like unmedicated childbirth: it's painful, it's messy, you don't think you can do what's required even as you're doing it, you likely consented to it months ago and now you're questioning your decisions, your likelihood to request drugs increases proportionally as you get closer to the big event, you gained weight, you don't realize you're screaming but everyone around you looks distressed, and your mother doesn't remember what it's like. Also, once you get what you want, you'll never sleep again. I'm sure there are things I'm missing, but I hear hormones make you forget so you'll do it every two years." -- Candace Valenzuela (CMC `06), 2020 candidate for US House, Texas 24.
    FOURTH ESSAY ASSIGNED APRIL 14, 
    DUE APRIL 25.

    April 21, 23: Parties

    "Mass violence in Congress seemed possible in 1850. Now, 171 years later, it’s in the national mindscape once again. And for good reason. The echoes of 1850 are striking. We’re at a moment of extreme polarization when outcomes matter, sometimes profoundly." -- Joanne Freeman, PO `84
    April 28, 30: Groups and Organized Interests

    "Power is not only what you have, but what an opponent thinks you have. If your organization is small, hide your numbers in the dark and raise a din that will make everyone think you have many more people than you do." -- Saul Alinsky

    • Lowi, ch. 12.
    • Tocqueville, 189-203, 513-524.
    • Saul Alinsky, Rules for Radicals (New York: Vintage, 1989 [1971]), EXCERPTS

    May 5, 7: Wrapup

    "We must never forget that victory to the rebellion meant death to the republic. We must never forget that the loyal soldiers who rest beneath this sod flung themselves between the nation and the nation's destroyers."  -- Frederick Douglass
    • Brief readings on politics in 2025, TBA.




    FINAL EXAM: TUESDAY, MAY 13, 9 AM


    "And I would rather disagree with a case he made on American exceptionalism, stating that the United States’ policy is `what makes America different. It’s what makes us exceptional.' It is extremely dangerous to encourage people to see themselves as exceptional, whatever the motivation. There are big countries and small countries, rich and poor, those with long democratic traditions and those still finding their way to democracy. Their policies differ, too. We are all different, but when we ask for the Lord’s blessings, we must not forget that God created us equal. 


    -- Click here to learn who wrote these words.


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